Aug 12, 2017 check the below link for detailed post on equivalence partitioning test case design technique equivalence partition. The reason for this is that we consider that all conditions in one partition should be treated the same by the software. Equivalence class partitioning and boundary value analysis as. Equivalence partitions are also known as equivalence classes. Equivalence partitioning also called equivalence class partitioning is a software testing technique that divides the input data of a software unit into partitions of equivalent data from. This is very important because exhaustive testing is not possible. Boundary value analysis in boundary value analysis, you test boundaries between equivalence partitions. Boundary value analysis and equivalence class partitioning both are test case design techniques in black box testing. Equivalence partitioning in software testing test design. Equivalence partitioning is a technique of software testing in which input data is divided into partitions of valid and invalid values, and it is mandatory that all partitions must exhibit the same behavior. What is boundary value analysis and equivalence partitioning. An advantage of this approach is it reduces the time.
In todays it world, the lines between developers and qa engineers are being blurred. The concept behind ep is to divide the input data in different equivalent data classes and each class can be considered same by the system. Black box testing is where test cases are written to test the inputs and verify the output of the software system without the knowledge about the internal working of the software. Boundary value analysis and equivalence class partitioning. Boundary value analysis is a technique to test boundary value between valid and invalid partitions in test case design. Because we assume that, all the conditions in one partition behave in the same manner by the software. One of the problems with equivalence class partitioning and boundary value analysis is that they are typically explained with simple examples like the one above, while in the real world these methods need to be applied in relation to every equivalence class of the reachable system states of the application that we are testing. The key of equivalence class testing is the choice of the equivalence relation that determines the classes. Let us have a look at a few examples which will give us an idea on how the equivalence partitioning works. Equivalence partitioning a black box testing technique. Therefore you group the test item into class where all items in each class are suppose to behave exactly the same.
The different test cases must test the classes of the software continuously. In this method, the tester identifies various equivalence classes for partitioning. Equivalence partitioning or equivalence class partitioning ecp is a software testing technique that divides the input data of a software unit into partitions of equivalent data from which test cases can be derived. Using those techniques number of test cases can be reduced to few test cases without compromising the quality of testing. This process of identifying equivalence classes and partitioning them is called equivalence partitioning. This is because we are assuming that all the conditions in one partition will be treated in the same way by the software. Equivalence partitioning and boundary value analysis are linked to each other and can be used together at all levels of testing. So in the above example, we can divide our test cases into three equivalence classes of.
How to design test cases for testing equivalence partitioning. The goal of ep is to reduce the set of possible test cases into a smaller, manageable set that still adequately tests the software. If one test case from an equivalence class can detect a defect, then all the other test cases in that same equivalence class will also detect the same defect. Equivalence partitioning is a blackbox testing technique that applies to all levels of testing. Tables can be copied to the clipboard to use in word, excel or powerpoint. Sep 22, 2016 the equivalence class is a set of data that is treated the same by the module and any data within this class is equivalent. Equivalence partitioning multiple choice questions. What is a real life example for equivalence class testing. Here we also need to create a partition as we created in equivalence class partitioning but unlike selecting any value from each partition, here in boundary value analysis we select a value which is one less than partition and one more than partition and equal to partition. Now let me explain some test scenarios where we can apply equivalence partitioning technique. Aug 16, 20 equivalence class testing this week we turn to equivalence class testing. Equivalence classes in software testing stack overflow. Assume that the application accepts an integer in the range 100 to 999 valid equivalence class partition.
Most of us who dont know this still use it informally without even realizing it. Equivalence class partitioning is a blackbox testing technique or specification based testing technique in which we group the input data into logical groups or equivalence classes. In this technique, we analyze the behavior of the application with test data residing at the boundary values of the equivalence classes. Test case design with the help of equivalence partitioning technique has two steps. The idea of equivalence class partitioning is to divide the all possible inputs to the system into equivalence classes, i. As you may observe, you test values at both valid and invalid boundaries. Jun 19, 2015 equivalence partitioning ep is a specification based or black box testing method.
The test case should have all valid inputs for this partition. To support daily releases, multiple operating systems, and multiple browsers, the. Equivalence partitioning is also known as equivalence classes. Identify the equivalence classes for the following specification. Jun 25, 2015 this entry was posted in testing objective, web application objective and tagged boundary analysis and equivalent partitioning objective question answers, boundary value analysis multiple choice questions and answers, difference between equivalence and boundary value in software testing, difference between equivalence partitioning and boundary value analysis, equivalence class testing vs. This testing involved testing only for one condition for every partition which is created. Extensively class tested, this text takes an innovative approach to explaining the process of software testing.
Equivalence class testing introduction with solved example. Lets see how equivalence partitioning will solve this problem. What is equivalence partitioning in software testing. The specifications state that the item name is to be alphabetic characters 2 to 15 characters in length. Equivalence class testing, which is also known as equivalence class partitioning ecp and equivalence partitioning, is an important software testing technique used by the team of testers for grouping and partitioning of the test input data, which is then used for the purpose of testing the software product into a number of different classes. Boundary value analysis and equivalence class partitioning with. Lets see what has to say about boundary value analysis and equivalence partitioning first. Equivalence class partitioning simplified software testing. Boundary value analysis is a refinement of the equivalence class partitioning method which again is one of the most generally applicable methods for blackbox test design. According to equivalence class theory, any value of an equivalence class can be used.
A technique in black box testing is equivalence partitioning. A class is a set of input conditions that are is likely to be handled the same way by the system. The program accepts five to nine inputs which are 3 digit integers greater than 100. The synonyms for the word are equal, same, identical etc. Equivalence partitioning equivalence class partitioning. Equivalence partitioning or equivalence class partitioning ecp is a software testing technique that divides the input data of a software unit into partitions of. It is where the testing techniques come into the picture. The first step in equivalence partitioning is to divide partition the input values into sets of valid and invalid partitions. The above are not handled by bva technique as we can see massive redundancy in the tables of test cases. The word equivalence means the condition of being equal or equivalent in value, worth, function, etc. I think that it doesnt matter how much inputs this program has, and the equivalence class is 99,100,101.
Equivalence partitioning is designed to minimize the number of test cases by dividing tests in such a way that the system is expected to act the same way for all tests of each equivalence partition. In this method, equivalence classes for input values are identified such that each member of the class causes the same kind of processing and output to occur. Pick a single value from range 1 to as a valid test case. Equivalence partitioning test case design technique. Aug 05, 2011 it demonstrates use of equivalence partitioning and boundary value analysis. Mostly we make this choice by guessing the likely implementation that may be present in the program under test. A shorter definition is that in this method the input domain data is divided into different equivalence data classes. It is quite difficult to describe all such 150 classes here. With the emergence of agile, test driven development, continuous integration, and many other methodologies, software testing is becoming even more critical. Equivalence class partitioning and boundary value analysis.
A shopping website offers different discounts depending upon purchase made by the customer. Considering the same example we used in equivalence partitioning tutorial an application that accepts a numeric number as input with value between 10 to 100. In this article we will discuss some basic test design techniques used to create better test cases, particularly boundary value analysis and equivalence partitioning and how these are used in actual testing. However, an equivalence class is simply the set of all elements which are equivalent wrt some eq. Tutorial7 to generate equivalence class test casesfor. In equivalence class partitioning, set of input data that defines different test conditions are partitioned into logically similar groups such that using even a. All the data items lying in an equivalence class are assumed to be processed in the same way by the application when passed as input. Equivalence class testing is a black box software testing technique that divides function variable ranges into classes subsets that are disjoint. Proper black box testing case design equivalence partitioning. Equivalence partitions are also known as equivalence classes the two terms mean exactly the same thing. Equivalence partition organizer is a tool to edit a set of equivalence classes and test cases based on them. Furthermore, adding two invalid classes for each variable will result in 150 strong robust equivalence class test cases. This technique tries to define test cases that uncover classes of errors, thereby reducing the total.
The key point in equivalence class testing is the choice of the equivalence relation that determines the classes. The input domain can be anything which may influence the outcome of the test e. Equivalence partitioning equivalence class partitioning ecp. What is an equivalence partition also known as an equivalence class.
Istqb equivalence partitioning with examples get software. Each test case is representative of a respective class. Equivalence class or equivalence partition is the act of dividing the given input set by a relation into groups or classes which is treated the same by the module or which should produce the same result. Boundary testing is the process of testing between extreme ends or boundaries between. It primarily focuses on the concept of equivalence class testing, but also gives. The below example best describes the equivalence class partitioning. Equivalence class partitioning is a specification based blackbox testing techniques. Equivalence partitioning test case design technique software. It is a software testing technique that divides the input test.
We will differentiate below, between four different types of equivalence class testing ect. Equivalence class partitioning software testing class. It divides the input domain of a program into classes. Equivalence partitioning is a test case design technique to divide the input data of software into different equivalence data classes. Test cases are designed for equivalence data class.
Rethinking equivalence class partitioning, part 1 satisfice, inc. The equivalence partitions are frequently derived from the requirements specification for input data that influence the processing of the test object. Equivalent class partitioning is very simple and is a very basic way to perform testing you divide the test data into the group and then has a representative for each group. Check consistency and completeness of both classes and test cases.
So in above example, we can divide our test cases into three equivalence classes of some valid and invalid inputs. So, three month classes, four day classes and three year classes results in 3 4 3 36 strong normal equivalence class test cases. Equivalence partitioning is a method for deriving test cases. I guess, the equivalence relation you are considering is defined in terms of the program flow as follows. Equivalence class testing black box software testing techniques the use of equivalence classes as the basis for functional testing and is appropriate in situations like. Equivalence partitioning a black box testing technique toolsqa. Boundary value analysis, if you carefully read it, you will get some idea about how boundary value analysis work. An advantage of this approach is it reduces the time required for performing testing of a software due to less number of test cases. For equivalence class testing we can consider any one value from each equivalence class. Equivalence partitioning equivalence class partitioning equivalence partitioning example. Equivalence partitioning is a black box technique to identify test cases systematically and is often the first technique to be applied when designing test cases.
Equivalence partitioning is also known as equivalence class partitioning. Can anyone give simple real time example of boundary value. Equivalence class testing is a black box software testing technique that divides function variable ranges into classessubsets that are disjoint. Nov 11, 2016 boundary value analysisbva and equivalence class partitioning ecp are the techniques used to reduce the number of test cases to execute. This is achieved by identifying the classes or groups of inputs in such a way that each input value under this class will give the same result. In this technique, only one condition to be tested from each partition. Equivalence partitioning example grocery store example consider a software module that is intended to accept the name of a grocery item and a list of the different sizes the item comes in, specified in ounces. Equivalence partitioning is a technique used in software testing which aims to reduce the number of test cases and choose the right test cases.
In equivalence partitioning, inputs to the software or system are divided into groups that are expected to exhibit similar behavior, so they are likely to be proposed in the same way. Boundary value analysis and equivalence partitioning qualitance. Hence selecting one input from each group to design the test cases. We will also learn the pitfalls of equivalence partitioning. Equivalence partitioning significantly reduces the number of test cases required to test a system reasonably. In principle, test cases are designed to cover each partition at least once. In this article we will discuss some basic test design techniques used to create better test cases, particularly boundary value analysis and equivalence partitioning and how these. Jul 30, 2018 equivalence partitioning is also known as equivalence class partitioning. This is actually taken from a book and it says that these sets are eq. Continuing the same example our partition will look like below.
In this technique, the data fed into the software to be tested is divided into partitions of equal sizes. What is equivalence partitioning equivalence partitioning is a systematic process that identifies, on the basis of whatever information is available, a set of interesting classes of input conditions to be tested, where each class is representative of or covers a large set of other possible tests. Apr 16, 2020 for example, if you divided 1 to input values invalid data equivalence class, then you can select test case values like 1, 11, 100, 950, etc. Equivalence class testing technique examples software. Each class is called as equivalence partition because all the elements in an equivalence class test the. Equivalence class testing garreth davies 2 abstract this document describes techniques used by testers to test computer software. Equivalence portioning technique in black box testing.
Equivalent partition in software testing boundary value analysis in testing with example duration. If the system were to handle one case in the class erroneously, it would handle all cases erroneously. Boundary value analysis archives software testing class. Equivalence partitioning also called as equivalence class partitioning.
If we have several test cases and time contraints do not allow us to execute them all, then we use techniqu. Equivalence class testing this week we turn to equivalence class testing. Equivalence partitioning is a test case design technique to divide the input data of software into different. Definition of equivalence partitioning equivalence partitioning is a blackbox testing technique basic test design technique that splits the input domain into classes of data. It can be used at any level of software for testing and is preferably a good technique to use first. In this method, classes of input conditions called equivalence classes are identified such that each member of the class causes the same kind of processing and output to occur.
Equivalence partitioning ep is a method for testing software programs. Equivalence partitioning ep is the process of methodically reducing the huge set of possible test cases into a much smaller but still equally effective set. It is quite a flexible type of testing and can be applicable at any level of testing. Equivalence class testing ec testing is when you have a number of test items e.
Equivalence partitioning definition from from wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Boundary value analysis and equivalence partitioning. Test cases for input box accepting numbers between 1 and using equivalence partitioning. Equivalence partitioning ep is a specificationbased or blackbox technique.
The values at the extremes startend values or lowerupperend values of such class are known as boundary values. From each partition of data, one test case is needed. Equivalence partitioning is also known as equivalence class. Jan 20, 2016 proper black box testing case design equivalence partitioning. In equivalencepartitioning technique we need to test only one condition from each partition. Same case for other test cases having invalid data classes. A use of this method reduces the time necessary for testing software using less and effective test cases. Example on equivalence partitioning test case design technique. In our earlier example instead of checking, one value for each partition you will check the values at the partitions like 0, 1, 10, 11 and so on. If the equivalence classes are chosen wisely, the potential redundancy among test cases is greatly reduced. It is a software testing technique that divides the input test data of the application under test into each partition at least once of equivalent data from which test cases can be derived. Apr 29, 2020 boundary value analysis in boundary value analysis, you test boundaries between equivalence partitions.